Saturday, October 5

Russia’s war against Ukraine

Oleksandr and Mykolay, local residents who chose not to evacuate, boil water on a bonfire outside a bombed residential building amid ongoing artillery shelling and missile strikes on Oct. 4, 2024 in Myrnohrad, Ukraine. Russian invading forces, approximately two kilometers from Myrnohrad, are advancing and pushing Ukrainian defenses toward the front-line city. (Pierre Crom/Getty Images)

Kursk operation 'motivates those who give us weapons' — Zelensky visits troops in Sumy Oblast. During the visit, President Volodymyr Zelensky also met with the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief to discuss protecting infrastructure, Ukraine's energy sector, and air defenses.

Russian forces less than 7 km away from Pokrovsk**, authorities say.** Russian forces are less than 7 kilometers from the outskirts of the town of Pokrovsk in Donetsk Oblast as of Oct. 4, said Serhii Dobriak, the head of Pokrovsk's military administration.

Ukraine may be forced to retreat from Pokrovsk by end of 2024, Estonian intelligence suggests. Over the past week, the average number of Russian attacks on the frontline has been 167 per day, with 50% of them targeting the Donetsk direction of the front line, according to Estonian military intelligence.

Car with pro-Russian collaborator explodes in city near occupied Zaporizhzhia plant, intelligence says. Andrii Korotkyi was a collaborator involved in the organization and execution of war crimes and repression of Ukrainians under Russian occupation, the agency said.

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Oil depots on fire in Russia's Voronezh Oblast**, Perm Krai.** According to the Russian Defense Ministry, air defense downed six Ukrainian drones over Voronezh Oblast, six over Belgorod Oblast, one over Rostov Oblast and one over the Azov Sea.

Ukraine has neutralized over 533,000 explosive devices since February, 2022. Pyrotechnic teams from Ukraine's State Emergency Service have detected and disposed of over 533,200 pieces of explosive ordnance since Russia's full-scale invasion began on February 24, 2022.

Russian drone debris found in Danube Delta, Romanian Defense Ministry confirms. Romanian border police on Oct. 4 discovered debris from a Russian drone in the Litcov canal area, located in Romania's Danube Delta region. The investigated area is located in a rural zone, and no infrastructure was damaged, according to police.

Shooting down Russian targets over Ukraine by NATO countries will 'involve' US in war, Pentagon says. "The president (Joe Biden) has made a commitment that the United States is not putting boots on the ground into Ukraine, but we are supporting Ukraine in their efforts to take back their sovereign territory," Deputy Pentagon Press Secretary Sabrina Singh said.

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Ukraine war latest: Oil depots on fire in 2 Russian regions

Fires broke out at two oil depots in Russia's Voronezh Oblast and Perm Krai overnight on Oct. 4, local authorities reported. According to the Russian Defense Ministry, its air defense downed six Ukrainian drones over Voronezh Oblast, and six over Belgorod Oblast.

Image: Russia's Emergency Situations Ministry

Russian drone attacks against Ukraine reach record levels

According to Ukraine's Air Force, 1,339 Shahed-type kamikaze drones targeted the country in September, 1,107 of which were shot down, with some others being jammed by electronic warfare and flying into Russian or Belarusian airspace. Around 45 were unaccounted for.

Photo: Gregor Fischer/Getty Images

As Russia makes gains near Pokrovsk, civilians remain frozen in inaction

A key urban milestone in Moscow’s offensive towards the key strategic city of Pokrovsk, Selydove saw Russian forces close the distance to its outskirts in a matter of a couple of weeks over August.

As of early October, this mining city with a population of about 21,000 before the full-scale invasion looks now to become the latest in a series of “fortress” cities in Donetsk Oblast.

Photo: Francis Farrell/The Kyiv Independent

Ukraine hits ammunition depots with domestic weapons in an attempt to disrupt Russia's logistics

Over the past several months, the war had gradually moved deep inside Russian territory. In September, Ukraine targeted depots in the Russian towns of Tikhoretsk and Toropets with drones, setting ablaze over 30,000 tons of ammunition, which allegedly included ballistic missiles.

Photo: Olexander Scherba / Telegram

Human cost of war

Russia lost more elite soldiers in 1 year near Vuhledar than in 10 years of Chechen War, BBC reports. The elite 155th and 40th marine brigades of the Russian Armed Forces, also known as the Black Berets, were involved in the storming of the city, supported by armored vehicles.

Russia has summarily executed at least 93 Ukrainian POWs on battlefield, top prosecutor says. Yurii Belousov, the head of the department focused on war-related crimes, explained that 80% of these cases were recorded in 2024, but the trend appeared already late last year.

At least 177 Ukrainian POWs have died in Russian captivity**, Kyiv says.** Most Ukrainian soldiers who were released had never been visited by the Red Cross representatives while in Russian captivity, Ombudsman Dmytro Lubinets said in July.

International response

Poland ready to start training volunteers for Ukrainian Legion. Defense Minister Wladyslaw Kosiniak-Kamysz noted that Poland was prepared to begin the training of Ukrainian volunteers in September, but a shortage of volunteers delayed the start.

France to send another 12 Caesar howitzers to Ukraine, minister says. French-German defense company KNDS signed a deal on Oct. 3 for the supply of 12 Caesar howitzers financed by Ukraine, French Defense Minister Sebastien Lecornu said.

EU readies to sanction Iran over missile shipments to Russia, Bloomberg reports. According to Bloomberg, the EU's sanctions would target "about a dozen individuals and entities," which includes firms involved in the engineering, metals, and aviation sectors.

'Switzerland has not changed its position' on peace in Ukraine — ambassador clarifies stance on China-Brazil initiative. Brazil's President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva touted his peace plan jointly developed with China in New York, despite the proposal already being dismissed as "destructive" by Ukraine.

In other news

2 Ukrainian regional officials alleged of corruption**, nearly $6 million found.** "Law enforcement officers found money in the apartment in almost every corner — in wardrobes, drawers, niches," the State Bureau of Investigation said.

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Thursday, October 3

Russia’s war against Ukraine

The exterior of an administration building that was bombed earlier by Russian forces on Oct. 2, 2024 in Dobropillia near Pokrovsk in Donetsk Oblast. Russian forces are advancing toward Pokrovsk. (Pierre Crom/Getty Images)

Ukrainian forces withdraw from Vuhledar in Donetsk Oblast. "The higher command authorized a manoeuvre to withdraw units from Vuhledar in order to save personnel and military equipment and take up a position for further operations," Ukraine's Khortytsia group of forces said on Oct. 2.

Ukraine wants UN nuclear watchdog to place foreign observers near all its nuclear plants. Ukraine is in talks with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to place foreign observers near its nuclear power plants amid reports Russia is planning to attack the infrastructure connecting the plants to the country's energy grid, an Energy Ministry official said.

Putin signs law allowing criminal defendants to join the military. Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a law on Oct. 2 that exempts defendants from criminal liability if they join the Russian army, according to Russia's legal information portal.

Russian proxies in occupied Kherson Oblast announce forced conscription of Ukrainians. From Oct. 1 to Dec. 31, men aged 18 to 30 living in occupied Kherson Oblast will be subject to conscription into the Russian military for a period of 12 months.

Ukraine's military intelligence hacks Russian finance industry, source says. Russian banks Alfa-Bank and Otkritie Bank, as well as Rostelecom, Russia's largest provider of digital services, were targeted, the source said, adding that these firms "ensured the aggression of the Russian armed forces against Ukraine."

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1.5 million Ukrainian children at risk of being deported to Russia**, ombudsman says.** Russia has already abducted more than 20,000 children since the start of its full-scale invasion of Ukraine, Ombudsman Dmytro Lubinets said.

Ukraine aims to increase ballistic missiles, long-range arms production in 2025, Umerov says. "Our priority is to develop domestic drones and long-range weapons, including ballistic missiles," Defense Minister Rustem Umerov said on Oct. 1 at Ukraine's second international defense industry forum.

AeroVironment plans to start producing Switchblade kamikaze drones in Ukraine. The U.S.-based AeroVironment signed an agreement with a Ukrainian company to localize its production of Switchblade 600 loitering munitions, marking the latest of several recent agreements between Ukrainian and foreign companies to produce weaponry in Ukraine.

Ukrainian Armor to produce 155mm shells using Czechoslovak Group's technology, components. Ukrainian Armor, a private defense enterprise, signed two deals on Oct. 2 with the Czech holding Czechoslovak Group (CSG) to cooperate on the production of 155mm shells, Ukrainian media outlet Militarnyi reported.

Ukraine's defense procurement agencies should be kept separate**, NATO reaffirms.** The NATO statement came days after Umerov said the ministry was planning to merge the Defense Procurement Agency (DPA) and the State Rear Operator (DOT) into one agency.

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Investigation: Shattering the secrecy of Putin’s top spy chief

Even for a Russian spy service official, Sergey Korolev stands out as exceptionally secretive. Korolev, the second-in-command at Russia's Federal Security Service (FSB), has hidden the details of his life and identity so well that even the basics like his birth date and appearance are mixed up or appear to have been invented entirely.

Image: Karolina Gulshani / The Kyiv Independent

‘Human safari’ – Kherson civilians hunted down by Russian drones

In the ravaged city of Kherson, where Ukraine-controlled territory and Russian forces are separated by the Dnipro River instead of no man’s land between trenches in the eastern Donbas region, civilians are being targeted routinely with FPV and kamikaze drones. Terrified locals refer to the new strategy as “a human safari.”

Photo: Zarina Zabrisky/The Kyiv Independent

Human cost of war

Russian guided bomb hits apartment building in Kharkiv, wounding at least 10. Ten people were injured, including a 3-year-old girl, authorities said. Rescuers are searching for more victims who may be buried under the rubble.

Russian attacks against Ukraine kill 7**, injure 50.** Ukrainian forces downed 11 out of 32 Shahed-type drones launched by Russia overnight, the Air Force reported on Oct. 2. Ten more drones were "lost" due to electronic warfare and four others flew back towards Russia, it added.

589 civilians killed in Ukraine in summer 2024 by Russia's war, UN reports. The number of victims in the summer increased by 45% compared to the spring monitoring by the Office of the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights.

General Staff: Russia has lost 655,560 troops in Ukraine since Feb. 24, 2022. This number includes 1,130 casualties Russian forces suffered just over the past day.

Opinions and insights

Opinion: We're Republicans, and we're voting for Kamala Harris to back Ukraine

“By ignoring Russia's ongoing aggression in Ukraine and its implications for U.S. national interests and the security of European allies, Trump has aligned himself more closely with strongman Putin than with longstanding U.S. commitments to peace, democracy, and fundamental freedoms,” write U.S. Republican politicians James Greenwood and Gregory P. Wilson.

Photo: Win McNamee/Getty Images

International response

NATO 'inadequately' prepared for large-scale war with Russia, Gen Ben Hodges says. NATO lacks adequate air defenses, military mobility, ammunition, and the mindset to be fully ready for a large-scale conventional war, retired U.S. Lieutenant General Ben Hodges said on Oct. 2.

USAID provides $237 million in humanitarian aid to Ukraine, launches Rehab4U initiative. The announcement came on Oct. 2 as USAID chief Samantha Power arrived in Kyiv, marking her third visit to Ukraine since 2020.

Number of Ukrainians willing to join Ukrainian Legion in Poland 'too small,' minister says. "Several thousand" people registered to participate in the legion as of July 11, Polish Foreign Minister Radoslaw Sikorski said previously.

Georgian President Salome Zourabichvili on Russia's influence

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Wednesday, October 2

Russia’s war against Ukraine

A mural depicting Ukrainian poet and writer Taras Shevchenko reads 'Fight and win your battle, God will help you' on Oct. 1, 2024 in Pokrovsk, Donetsk Oblast. Russian invading forces, approximately 7 kilometers from Pokrovsk, are advancing and pushing Ukrainian defenses toward the city. (Pierre Crom/Getty Images)

Russian forces enter Vuhledar**, situation 'extremely difficult,' governor says.** "The fighting is going on within the town, so it is almost impossible to bring in humanitarian aid," Donetsk Oblast Governor Vadym Filashkin said.

Ukraine faces 'very challenging' situation on front lines, Zelensky says. Russia continues to press forward on its offensives across the eastern front, primarily on the Pokrovsk, Vuhledar, and Toretsk axes in Donetsk Oblast.

Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant 'on verge of blackout' after Russian attack on substation, Ukraine says. President Volodymyr Zelensky told the U.N. Security Council on Sept. 24 that Russia was preparing to target three Ukrainian nuclear power plants.

Russia attempts to capture new positions in Zaporizhzhia sector, preparing small-scale assaults, military says. According to Ukrainian military's Southern Command spokesperson Vladyslav Voloshyn, Russia does not have enough troops to launch a large-scale offensive.

Russian forces execute 16 Ukrainian POWs near Pokrovsk, prosecutors say. Russian forces appear to have shot 16 Ukrainian prisoners of war (POWs) in Donetsk Oblast, the largest recorded case of mass execution of surrendered soldiers on the battlefield, Ukraine's Prosecutor General's Office said on Oct. 1.

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Ukraine boosts defense production**, successfully tests ballistic missile, Zelensky says.** "In the first half of this year alone, Ukraine produced 25 times more artillery and mortar ammunition than in the entire year of 2022," Zelensky said at the second international defense industry forum in Kyiv.

Russia's Crimean Bridge defenses are reportedly washing up on shore. According to the Crimean Wind Telegram channel, plastic and metal barrels connected by metal frames were spotted littering the beach in Kerch on the occupied peninsula.

Foreign Ministry refutes FT report that minister discussed territorial compromises. Ukraine's new Foreign Minister Andrii Sybiha did not discuss compromising with Russia in recent meetings with his Western counterparts, Foreign Ministry spokesperson Heorhii Tykhyi said on Oct. 1, refuting a report by the Financial Times (FT) that he had discussed "potential compromise solutions."

Russia desperate to recruit workers at defense plants amid personnel shortage, BBC reports. More than 90,000 vacancies for defense industry jobs appeared on Russian job portals between Aug. 15 and Sept. 15, with companies offering triple the average regional salary for workers with high-demand specialties.

Ukraine names pro-Russian collaborators suspected of forcibly deporting Ukrainian children. One suspect was identified by the Kyiv Independent's War Crimes Investigations Unit in the documentary "Uprooted."

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Ukraine war latest: Russian forces reportedly capture most of Vuhledar, Kyiv doesn't comment

Geolocated to the northern streets of Vuhledar's small and dense urban area, the videos suggest that a complete Ukrainian withdrawal from the town is highly likely. A total of 107 civilians remain in Vuhledar.

Photo: Libkos/Getty Images

Historical grievances resurface in Polish-Ukrainian relations, threatening to stall Kyiv’s EU accession

Relations between Ukraine and Poland have turned sour. Again. And the tune is much the same – a World War II massacre that has been at the center of bilateral relations between the two countries since the 1990s.

Photo: Beata Zawrzel/NurPhoto via Getty Images

Two years on, the Nord Stream explosion remains a mystery

Two years after a series of explosions tore apart Russia’s controversial Nord Stream pipelines, the investigation has largely remained a mystery full of accusations that have exposed political fault lines across Europe.

Photo: Sean Gallup/Getty Images

The words of Ukraine’s fallen soldiers inspiring the nation to fight on

“When people ask me what war is, I will answer without hesitation: names.” Ukrainians gathered at war memorials around the country on Oct. 1 to honor the soldiers killed defending their nation from Russia's invasion.

Photo: Danylo Antoniuk/The Kyiv Independent

Human cost of war

Russian attack on Zaporizhzhia kills 1, injures 24. Russia launched at least six guided aerial bombs against Zaporizhzhia, damaging apartment buildings and houses.

Russian strike hits market in Kherson, killing at least 6, injuring 6. Russian forces attacked downtown Kherson on Oct. 1, killing at least six people and injuring six others, President Volodymyr Zelensky said.

General Staff: Russia has lost 654,430 troops in Ukraine since Feb. 24, 2022. This number includes 1,370 casualties Russian forces suffered just over the past day.

Opinions and insights

The Counteroffensive: Why doesn’t Ukraine have a national military cemetery?

“Even in the third year of Russia’s full-scale invasion, and over 10 years since the war began, Ukraine still does not have a national military cemetery. Many veterans and their families fear this neglect reflects a lack of respect for those who sacrificed their lives,” write The Counteroffensive’s Tim Mak and Oleh Tymoshenko.

Photo: Kostiantyn Liberov/Libkos/Getty Images

International response

Ukraine top of the agenda as Mark Rutte takes up NATO general secretary role. "We have to make sure that Ukraine prevails as a sovereign, independent, democratic nation," Mark Rutte said on Oct. 1.

Biden may advance Ukraine's NATO membership bid status, FT reports. U.S. President Joe Biden may agree to advance the status of Ukraine's NATO membership bid before leaving office in January, the Financial Times (FT) reported on Oct. 1, citing an unnamed Western official.

'Ukraine will be 2nd strongest NATO member' in Europe, Latvian FM says. Ukraine will have the second-strongest military in NATO on the European continent once it joins the alliance, Latvian Foreign Minister Baiba Braze said on Oct. 1.

Ukraine doesn't need US permission to strike back at Russia with homemade weapons, State Department says. "If you look at the weapons we've provided them, we've made it very clear that they can use them to retaliate against Russian targets across the border that are conducting attacks," U.S. State Department spokesperson Matthew Miller said at a briefing on Sept. 30.

Germany's Scholz hoping for phone call with Putin**, Zeit reports.** Olaf Scholz last spoke with Putin in December 2022, the same year the leaders of the U.S., France, and the U.K. last had direct contact.

Estonia's planned 'war tax' unprecedented, defense minister says. Speaking at a panel discussion at the Warsaw Security Forum attended by the Kyiv Independent, Estonian Defense Minister Hanno Pevkur explained that "everybody in the society will contribute a bit more."

European defense manufacturer KNDS opens office in Ukraine. French-German defense company KNDS has opened an office in Kyiv to support Ukraine carry out the domestic maintenance and repair of weapons systems, the company announced on Oct. 1.

'A real myth' — Trump's Ukraine peace plan rubbished by former national security advisor. Trump has promised to end Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine within a day if elected but has not publicly elaborated on how he plans to achieve that.

In other news

Ukraine evacuates 179 people from Lebanon. Ukraine's military intelligence (HUR) and Foreign Ministry evacuated 179 people, including 134 Ukrainian citizens, following Israel's ground incursion into southern Lebanon, the Foreign Ministry reported on Oct. 1.

Ukraine's defense minister requests dismissal of 3 deputies, state secretary. Defense Minister Rustem Umerov called the system of the Defense Ministry, including the Armed Forces, Ukraine's military intelligence (HUR), and State Transport Special Service "a closed perimeter" during martial law, without giving a clear reason for the reshuffle.

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Mit diesem Video möchte ich euch verdeutlichen, was da gerade in unserem Land geschieht. Die Parallelen zur Machtergreifung der NSDAP und zum Ende der Demokratie in Deutschland sind erschütternd.
Hier gehts zur Petition:
innn.it/afdverbot
Hier zur Recherche von correctiv:
correctiv.org/aktuelles/neue-r…

1930:
Reichstagswahl, Verachtfachung der Stimmen für die rechtsradikale Splitterpartei NSDAP, von 1928 (2,6 %) auf 18,3 %.
2024:
AfD auf Bundesebene bei 22 %.
Sie liegt damit deutlich über den Werten, die die faschistische NSDAP zur Machtergreifung genügten.
die Grünen sinken auf 14 Prozent, ebenso die SPD. Die Union ist stärkste Kraft bei 30 Prozent und die FDP bei fünf Prozent. Die Linken liegen bei vier Prozent und würden am Einzug in den Bundestag scheitern.
Handeln wir JETZT!
Auch Weidels Büroleiter war Gast "Masterplan"-Treffen: AfD übt sich in Beschwichtigungen
Die in Teilen vom Verfassungsschutz als gesichert rechtsextrem eingestufte AfD spielt ihre eigene Rolle bei dem enthüllten Treffen in Potsdam herunter. An der eigenen Parteilinie hinsichtlich Migration werde man festhalten. Den Funktionären stehen unmittelbar keine Konsequenzen bevor.

Zerstörung der Demokratie 1930-1933 (Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, der Marco Buschmann übrigens Finanzmittel entziehen wollte)
1928 noch eine Splitterpartei, wandelt sich die NSDAP unter der Führung Adolf Hitlers zur Massenbewegung, die 1933 die Macht in Deutschland übernimmt und fortan jede demokratische Grundlage vernichtet.
Die Reichstagswahl vom 14. September 1930, an der sich 82 Prozent der Wähler beteiligten, endete mit einer Katastrophe für die Demokratie. Die NSDAP, noch 1928 mit 2,6 Prozent und zwölf Mandaten eine Splitterpartei, erzielte 18,3 Prozent, konnte die Zahl ihrer Sitze fast verneunfachen und stellte mit 107 Abgeordneten die zweitstärkste Fraktion (hinter der SPD, vor der KPD).
überwiegend protestantische nationalkonservative und liberale Mittel- und auch Oberschichtwähler zur NSDAP gewandert waren. Besonders starken Anklang hatte Hitlers Partei offenbar bei den Mittelschichten ("alter" und "neuer Mittelstand") gefunden. Auch von der um sieben Prozent gestiegenen Wahlbeteiligung hatte sie stärker als andere Parteien profitiert, das heißt Jungwähler und bisherige Nichtwähler gewonnen. Dem entsprach die soziale Zusammensetzung der Mitgliederschaft der NSDAP: Arbeiter bildeten zwar die stärkste Einzelgruppe, waren jedoch im Vergleich zu ihrem Anteil an den Erwerbstätigen deutlich unterrepräsentiert, während die verschiedenen Mittelschichten einen überproportional hohen Anteil stellten. Ferner zog die NSDAP besonders die jüngere Generation an: Das Durchschnittsalter ihrer 130.000 Mitglieder und Funktionäre lag 1930 beträchtlich unter dem der übrigen Parteien.
Da die SPD weder sozialdemokratische Politik durchzusetzen noch sich als politische Alternative zu profilieren vermochte, wurden ihre Mitglieder und Wähler zunehmend unzufriedener. Das Ansehen des Parlamentes nahm weiter ab. Denn es verlor nicht nur faktisch seine demokratische Kontrollfunktion gegenüber der Regierung, sondern wurde auch als Zentrum der Gesetzgebung zunehmend funktionslos. Das Präsidialregime griff immer öfter zu Notverordnungen, der Reichstag trat immer seltener zusammen. Diese Aushöhlung des Parlamentarismus hat der NSDAP 1933 die Errichtung der Diktatur wesentlich erleichtert.
Politische Radikalisierung
Am 31. Juli 1932 gingen mehr Bürgerinnen und Bürger zur Wahl als je zuvor (84,1 Prozent). Die SPD verlor abermals Stimmen an die KPD. Zwei Jahre Tolerierungspolitik gegenüber Brüning, der Ausschluss prominenter linker Kritiker des Parteikurses (im September 1931), die Mitwahl Hindenburgs und das Stillhalten in Preußen hatten Teile der SPD-Wählerschaft enttäuscht. Während Zentrum und BVP leichte Gewinne erzielten, wurden die protestantischen bürgerlichen Mittelparteien fast völlig aufgerieben. Auch die DNVP musste erneut – diesmal leichtere – Verluste hinnehmen. Überragender Wahlsieger wurde erwartungsgemäß die NSDAP. Weil sie wohl allen Parteien, außer KPD und Zentrum, in unterschiedlichem Umfang Wähler abspenstig machte, konnte sie ihren Anteil an Stimmen (13,7 Millionen = 37,3 Prozent) und Mandaten (230) mehr als verdoppeln. Damit stellte sie die weitaus stärkste Reichstagsfraktion – und nach parlamentarischem Brauch den Reichstagspräsidenten (Hermann Göring). Die anhaltende krisenbedingte Polarisierung und Radikalisierung großer Teile der Bevölkerung und ein überaus geschickter, moderner (vorwiegend aus Eigenmitteln, zum Teil auch aus Wirtschaftsspenden finanzierter) Wahlkampf hatten der NSDAP neue Wählermassen zugeführt. Hitler hatte als erster deutscher Politiker ein Flugzeug benutzt, um möglichst viele Wahlreden halten zu können.
Aus taktischen Gründen – man wollte seriöser wirken als bisher – war der Antisemitismus im Wahlkampf in den Hintergrund getreten. Hitlers Partei bildete jetzt "das große Auffangbecken für alle Gegner des demokratischen Systems, für alle Enttäuschten, Verbitterten und Fanatisierten" (Eberhard Kolb), soweit diese nicht der KPD zuneigten. Nach wie vor kamen bei der NSDAP etwa 60 Mittelschichtwähler auf 40 Wähler aus Arbeiterhaushalten (Jürgen W. Falter). Die Gegner der NSDAP waren über Hitlers Ernennung zum Reichskanzler bestürzt, aber eine gemeinsame Aktion brachten sie nicht zustande.